Russian real estate owners on Bulgarian Black Sea Coast: culture and ethnic relations (the case of Tsarevo)
Abstrakt
Russian real estate owners in Bulgaria are about 300–500,000 people. This figure exceeds the number of Russian immigrants in Bulgaria in the period 1917–1922 by over 10 times. They are concentrated predominantly in the Black Sea Coast region forming a specific ethnic group gradually strengthening their presence in the local cultural context. The present research is based on fieldwork conducted in the town of Tsarevo, SE Bulgaria (2013–2018), interviews, participant observation, and media data. Ethnic relations between the two communities are analyzed in the context of cultural proximity, shared Orthodox faith, linguistic similarity, and the long and complicated history of Russian–Bulgarian relations. Against the background of these positive factors, strict maintenance of ethnic boundaries, practices of disrespecting local rules, politicizing everyday communication, and strategies of deliberate isolation of Russians from local Bulgarians are registered.
Słowa kluczowe
Russians; second homes; ethnic identity; ethnic stereotypes; ethnic relations; Bulgarian-Russian relations; interviews
Bibliografia
Åkerlund, U. et al. (2015). Second home governance in the EU: in and out of Finland and Malta. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 7:1, 77–97, DOI: 10.1080/19407963.2014.933229.
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Barth, Fr. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Benson, M.; O’Reilly, K. (2009). Migration and the search for a better way of life: A critical exploration of lifestyle migration. The Sociological Review 57: 608-25.
Bulgarian National Radio: Little Moscow – a Russian quarter in Pomorie, 23.10.2013 https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/100238805/malkata-moskva-ruski-kvar- tal-v-pomorie.
Croucher, S. (2009). The Other Side of the Fence: American Migrants in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Glinkina, S. et al. (2001). Crime and corruption. In: L. R. Klein & M. Pomer (eds.), The new Russia: Transition gone awry, 233–250. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hall, M.C.; Müller, D.K. (2004). Introduction: Second homes, curse or blessing? Revisited. In: Hall, M.C.; Müller, D.K. (eds.), Tourism, mobility and second homes: Between elite landscape and common ground, Clevedon: Channel View, 3–14.
Hannonen, O. et al. (2015). Borders and Second Home Tourism: Norwegian and Russian Second Home Owners in Finnish Border Areas. Journal of Borderlands Studies http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2015.1012736.
Hassel, J. (1991). Russian Refugees in France and the United States between the World Wars. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 81 (7), 1–96.
Jaakson, R. (1986). Second-home domestic tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 367–391. doi: 0160 –7383/86 $3.00+.00.
Janoschka, M. (2009). The contested spaces of lifestyle mobilities: Regime analysis as a tool to study political claims in Latin American retirement destinations. Die Erde 140 (3), 251–74.
Janoschka, M.; Heiko, H. (2014). Contested spatialities of lifestyle migration. Approaches and research questions. In: Janoschka, M.; Haas, H. (eds.), Contested Spacialities, Lifestyle Migration and Residential Tourism, 1–12. London, Routledge.
Kaltenborn, B.P. (1998). The alternate home – motives for recreation home use. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 52, 121–134. doi:10.1080/00291959808552393.
Konstantinov, Y. (2015). Russian Real Estate Acquisition as a Feature of the “Two Lane” Model of Social Development in post-Soviet Russia. Lecture read to ‘Pre-emptive Diasporas: Russian Middle-Class Real Estate Owners Abroad’. Research Initiation Workshop of the Uppsala Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies (UCRS), Uppsala University, 17–21.08.2015, Burgas (Bulgaria), manuscript.
Krasteva-Blagoeva, E.; Bogueva, D. (2020). Balkan Food Cultures and Traditions. In: Gostin, A.; Kakurinov, V.; Bogueva, D. (eds.). Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in the Balkans. Elsevier, in print.
Lipkina, O. (2013). Motives for Russian Second Home Ownership in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 13(4): 299–316. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.863039.
Lovell, S. (2003). Summerfolk: A history of the dacha, 1700–2000. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Malyshkina, D. (2010). Russian’s private international real estate investments: Decision making process. MA Thesis. Stockholm: KTH, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management.
McIntyre, N. (2009) Rethinking amenity migration: Integrating mobility, lifestyle and social-ecological systems. Die Erde 140(3): 229–50.
Müller, D.K. (1999). German second home owners in the Swedish countryside: On the internationalizationof the leisure space. Umea: Department of Social and Economic Geography.
Shleifer, A.; Treisman, D. (2004). A normal country. Foreign Affairs, 83, 20–38.
Southworth, C. (2006). The dacha debate: Household agriculture and labor markets in Post-Socialist Russia. Rural Sociology, 71, 451–478. doi: 10.1526/003601106778070671.
Talev, I. (1973). Some Problems of the Second South Slavic Influence in Russia. München.
Wort, D.S. (1983). The “Second South Slavic Influence” in the History of the Rus- sian Literary Language. American Contribution to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists. Columbus, vol. 1 (Linguistics), 349–372.
Кёсева, Цв. (2008). Болгария и русская эмиграция 1920–1950-е годы. Москва: Библиотека-фонд «Зарубежье»: Русский путь.
Transliteration
Åkerlund, U. et al. (2015). Second home governance in the EU: in and out of Finland and Malta. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 7:1, 77–97, DOI: 10.1080/19407963.2014.933229.
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Barth, Fr. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Benson, M.; O’Reilly, K. (2009). Migration and the search for a better way of life: A critical exploration of lifestyle migration. The Sociological Review 57: 608-25.
Bulgarian National Radio: Little Moscow – a Russian quarter in Pomorie, 23.10.2013 https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/100238805/malkata-moskva-ruski-kvar- tal-v-pomorie.
Croucher, S. (2009). The Other Side of the Fence: American Migrants in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Glinkina, S. et al. (2001). Crime and corruption. In: L. R. Klein & M. Pomer (eds.), The new Russia: Transition gone awry, 233–250. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hall, M.C.; Müller, D.K. (2004). Introduction: Second homes, curse or blessing? Revisited. In: Hall, M.C.; Müller, D.K. (eds.), Tourism, mobility and second homes: Between elite landscape and common ground, Clevedon: Channel View, 3–14.
Hannonen, O. et al. (2015). Borders and Second Home Tourism: Norwegian and Russian Second Home Owners in Finnish Border Areas. Journal of Borderlands Studies http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2015.1012736.
Hassel, J. (1991). Russian Refugees in France and the United States between the World Wars. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 81 (7), 1–96.
Jaakson, R. (1986). Second-home domestic tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 367–391. doi: 0160 –7383/86 $3.00+.00.
Janoschka, M. (2009). The contested spaces of lifestyle mobilities: Regime analysis as a tool to study political claims in Latin American retirement destinations. Die Erde 140 (3), 251–74.
Janoschka, M.; Heiko, H. (2014). Contested spatialities of lifestyle migration. Approaches and research questions. In: Janoschka, M.; Haas, H. (eds.), Contested Spacialities, Lifestyle Migration and Residential Tourism, 1–12. London, Routledge.
Kaltenborn, B.P. (1998). The alternate home – motives for recreation home use. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 52, 121–134. doi:10.1080/00291959808552393.
Konstantinov, Y. (2015). Russian Real Estate Acquisition as a Feature of the “Two Lane” Model of Social Development in post-Soviet Russia. Lecture read to ‘Pre-emptive Diasporas: Russian Middle-Class Real Estate Owners Abroad’. Research Initiation Workshop of the Uppsala Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies (UCRS), Uppsala University, 17–21.08.2015, Burgas (Bulgaria), manuscript.
Krasteva-Blagoeva, E.; Bogueva, D. (2020). Balkan Food Cultures and Traditions. In: Gostin, A.; Kakurinov, V.; Bogueva, D. (eds.). Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in the Balkans. Elsevier, in print.
Lipkina, O. (2013). Motives for Russian Second Home Ownership in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 13(4): 299–316. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.863039.
Lovell, S. (2003). Summerfolk: A history of the dacha, 1700–2000. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Malyshkina, D. (2010). Russian’s private international real estate investments: Decision making process. MA Thesis. Stockholm: KTH, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management.
McIntyre, N. (2009) Rethinking amenity migration: Integrating mobility, lifestyle and social-ecological systems. Die Erde 140(3): 229–50.
Müller, D.K. (1999). German second home owners in the Swedish countryside: On the internationalizationof the leisure space. Umea: Department of Social and Economic Geography.
Shleifer, A.; Treisman, D. (2004). A normal country. Foreign Affairs, 83, 20–38.
Southworth, C. (2006). The dacha debate: Household agriculture and labor markets in Post-Socialist Russia. Rural Sociology, 71, 451–478. doi: 10.1526/003601106778070671.
Talev, I. (1973). Some Problems of the Second South Slavic Influence in Russia. München.
Wort, D.S. (1983). The “Second South Slavic Influence” in the History of the Rus- sian Literary Language. American Contribution to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists. Columbus, vol. 1 (Linguistics), 349–372.
Këseva, T͡Sv. (2008). Bolgarii͡a i russkai͡a ėmigrat͡sii͡a 1920–1950-e gody. Moskva: Biblioteka-fond «Zarubezhʹe»: Russkiĭ putʹ.
New Bulgarian University Bułgaria
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-8398
Evgenia Krasteva-Blagoeva, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia. Her research interests are con- sumer culture, ethnography of socialism and post-socialism, urban anthropology, communities and identities in the Balkans, names and name giving. Member of the Executive Commitee of International Association of Southeast European An- thropology InASEA (2007–2014, 2016–2018) and elected President of InASEA (2014–2016). She was twice guest lecturer at the Institute of Ethnology, Ludvig Maximilian University, Munich, and at Konitsa Summer School of Balkan An- thropology (2006, 2008). Leading scholar in research projects such as “Fast Food and Slow Food Culture in the Beginning of 21st Century” and “New Consumer Practices: Anthropological Perspectives”. Author of The Personal Name in Bulgarian Tradition (1999, in Bulgarian), editor in chief of Approaching Consumer Culture. Global Flows and Local Contexts. Springer, 2018; author of over 30 articles in refereed journals and edited volumes in English and German.
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